002DB00160

Grubenhaus

 
Grubenhaus Details 
Length 450 Width 338  Depth 30 Ratio  1.3:1
Area  13.82 sq. m Volume
Number of Posts  0
Highest Elevation Value  5472
Lowest Elevation Value  5442
Bearing  73 degrees
Structural Class 
Material Culture  Number of Objects 66 Number of Animal Bones 169 
Environmental 
 

Phasing

Stratigraphic Matrix Diagram

Discussion

A large, sub-rectangular Grubenhaus in the north of area 2DB. The east side is cut by medieval gully 002DB00253 (part of master 002DB00075). Feature 002DB00269 was excavated in the base of the structure but was believed to be an animal burrow rather than a post hole.

All Contexts and Associated Finds Totals

MASTER CUT FILLS VOLUME OBJECTS AN BONE DENSITY
002DB00160 9 
002DB00284  002DB00248 16  21
002DB00249  5  14
002DB00250  12  66
002DB00251  12  33
002DB00260  1 
002DB00263 
002DB00264  13  21
002DB00265  1  3
002DB00268  4 
002DB00269 
002DB00278 
002DB00281  2  2

Object Totals by Material

002DB00248 Object Totals by Material

002DB00248 Charcoal 1
Pottery 13  of which Bronze Age 1  Early Saxon 5 Iron Age  1 Medieval 2  No Entry 1 Prehistoric  1 Roman 2 
Stone 2 

002DB00249 Object Totals by Material

002DB00249 Pottery 2 of which  Early Saxon 5 Iron Age  1
Stone 2 
Unfired Clay 1 

002DB00250 Object Totals by Material

002DB00250 Charcoal 1
Flint 1 
Iron 1
Pottery 7  of which Early Saxon 2  Medieval 1 No Entry  1 Roman 3 
Slag 1
Unfired Clay 1 

002DB00251 Object Totals by Material

002DB00251 Flint 1
Pottery 11  of which Early Saxon 5  No Entry 2 Roman  4

002DB00260 Object Totals by Material

002DB00260 Stone 1

002DB00264 Object Totals by Material

002DB00264 Charcoal 1
Fired Clay 1 
Flint 1 
Pottery 9  of which Early Saxon 7  No Entry 1 Roman  1
Unfired Clay 1 

002DB00265 Object Totals by Material

002DB00265 Unfired Clay 1

002DB00268 Object Totals by Material

002DB00268 Pottery 3 Early Saxon 
Shell 1 

002DB00281 Object Totals by Material

002DB00281 Pottery 1 Early Saxon 
Worked Stone 1 

Animal Bone Totals by Species

002DB00160 Animal Bone Totals by Species

002DB00160 Cattle 4
Horse 4
Sheep/goat 1 

002DB00248 Animal Bone Totals by Species

002DB00248 Cattle 12
Horse 1
Pig 1
Sheep 2
Sheep/goat 5 

002DB00249 Animal Bone Totals by Species

002DB00249 Cattle 8
Horse 2
Sheep 2
Sheep/goat 2 

002DB00250 Animal Bone Totals by Species

002DB00250 Cattle 28
Horse 4
Pig 7
Sheep/goat 27 

002DB00251 Animal Bone Totals by Species

002DB00251 Cattle 16
Horse 4
Pig 1
Sheep/goat 12 

002DB00264 Animal Bone Totals by Species

002DB00264 Cattle 10
Horse 1
Pig 4
Sheep 1
Sheep/goat 5 

002DB00265 Animal Bone Totals by Species

002DB00265 Cattle 2
Horse 1

002DB00281 Animal Bone Totals by Species

002DB00281 Cattle 1
Sheep/goat 1 

Structural Details

002DB00284 Section and Notes

002DB00284 South Facing Section 

002DB00284 West Facing Section
KEY_ID TYPE SHAPE L B D  PROFILE NOTES 
002DB00248  GRUB FILL SUB-RECTANGULAR  130 190  16 FLAT  UPPER FILL S.E QUAD M160.FEW CHALK INCLUSIONS:UPTO 10% UPTO 5CM:MOSTLY LESS THAN 1CM. FINDS BY CONTEXT.MED DITCH&IRON PAN TOEAST EDGE. 
002DB00249  GRUB FILL SUB-RECTANGULAR  206 96  14 FLAT  UPPER FILL OF S.W. QUAD M160.SOME CHALK INCLUSIONS:UPTO 10%:UPTO 3CM:MOSTLY LESS.FINDS BY CONTEXT. 
002DB00250  GRUB FILL SUB-RECTANGULAR  230 201  13 FLAT  UPPER FILL OF N.W. QUAD. MOD CHALK ROUNDED& ANGULAR <7CM THROUGHOUT. OCCA FINE FLECKS CHARCOAL. HOMOGENOUS. TRUNCATED ABOVE. ROOTED & BURROWED. 
002DB00251  GRUB FILL SUB-RECTANGULAR  264 182  11 FLAT  MOD CHALK MOSTLY ROUNDED < 6CM THROUGHOUT. TRUNCATED ABOVE. OCCA FINE FLECKS CHARCOAL <4MM. UPPER FILL OF N.E. QUAD. HEAVILLY OVER EXCAVATED AT E. END 
002DB00260  GRUB FILL SQUARE  50 50  8 FLAT  SQUARE LAYER OF RAMMED LOOKING CHALK:40% PIECES UPTO 5CM:60% PIECES UPTO 0.5CM.SEEMS TO SEAL 278: PART OF SAME DUMP? NO SIGN OF A CUT.CONSTRUCTIONAL? 
002DB00263  GRUB FILL SUB-RECTANGULAR  200 92  18 CONCAVE  LOWER FILL IN S.W. QUAD. MOD CHALK <3CM THROUGHOUT-MOSTLY SMALLER. OCCA FINE FLECKS CHARCOAL. R&B DISTURBED. INTERFACE WITH 249 SOMEWHAT UNCLEAR. 
002DB00264  GRUB FILL SUB-RECTANGULAR  227 197  18 FLAT  MOD/FREQ ROUNDED & ANGULAR CHALK <8CM THROUGHOUT . SL COLOR VARI DUE TO BURROWING-HENCE SOME SANDY PATCHES ALSO. LOWER FILL OF N.W. QUAD. ROOTED. 
002DB00265  GRUB FILL SUB-RECTANGULAR  260 185  12 CONCAVE  LOWER FILL OF N.E. QUAD. MOD CHALK MOSTLY FINE BUT < 6CM THROUGHOUT FILL. SL LIGHTER IN COLOR THAN UPPER FILL. ROOT & BURROW DISTURBED. 
002DB00278  GRUB FILL SUB-RECTANGULAR  70 51  14 FLAT  LAYER SEALED BY 260.EQUAL TO 264.WIDER AT BASE THAN TOP =260.PRIMARY FILL/DUMP IN N.W. QUAD.? DSFINDED BY LOOM WEIGHTS TO NORTH AND EAST?NO CUT SEEN 
002DB00281  GRUB FILL SUB-RECTANGULAR  190 130  10 FLAT  LOWER FILL S.E QUAD M160.CHALK/GRAVEL INCLUSIONS UPTO 30% UPTO 5CM MOSTLY LESS THAN 1CM.FINDS BY CONTEXT.MED.DITCH&IRON PAN CUTS TO EAST. 
002DB00284  GRUB CUT SUB-RECTANGULAR  427 338  30 WIDE U  CUT OF GRUB. TRUNCATED ABOVE DURING MACHINING & DEFINITION. CUTS INTO A NAT OF CHALK WITH SOME SAND & GRAVEL. FLATTISH BASE. SHALLOW. STEEPISH SIDES. 

002DB00269 Notes

KEY_ID TYPE SHAPE L B D  PROFILE NOTES 
002DB00268  UNDEF FILL SUB-RECTANGULAR  22 19  17 FLAT  OCCA CHALK < 5 CM THROUGHOUT. COULD BE THE PRODUCT OF BURROWING RATHER THAN A CENTRAL P.H. SOME ROOT PENTRATION ALSO. SL UNUSUAL SHAPE. 
002DB00269  UNDEF CUT SUB-RECTANGULAR  22 19  17 USHAPED  HOLLOW IN CENTRE OF GRUB. POSS NOT A FEATURE eg BURROW RATHER THAN A P.H. SL IRREGULAR SHAPE & QUITE SHALLOW. 

Objects by Context

KEY_ID  OB PERIOD  MATERIAL TYPE  SUB_TYPE CLASS  No
002DB00248  AF No Entry  CHARCOAL CHARCOAL SAMPLE  1
002DB00248  AO BRONZE AGE  POTTERY SHERD  ?BRONZE AGE  1
002DB00248  AB EARLY SAXON  POTTERY SHERD  ANGLIAN III  1
002DB00248  AG EARLY SAXON  POTTERY SHERD  ANGLIAN V  1
002DB00248  AH EARLY SAXON  POTTERY SHERD  ANGLIAN IV  1
002DB00248  AK EARLY SAXON  POTTERY SHERD  ?ANGLIAN I  1
002DB00248  AM EARLY SAXON  POTTERY SHERDS  ANGLIAN I  2
002DB00248  AI IRON AGE  POTTERY SHERD  ?IA  1
002DB00248  AC MEDIEVAL  POTTERY SHERD  MED  1
002DB00248  AE MEDIEVAL  POTTERY SHERD  MED  1
002DB00248  AD No Entry  POTTERY SHERDS  3
002DB00248  AJ PREHISTORIC  POTTERY SHERD  1
002DB00248  AN ROMAN  POTTERY SHERD  R-B/ANGLIAN I  1
002DB00248  AP ROMAN  POTTERY SHERD  ?R-B  1
002DB00248  AL EARLY SAXON  STONE LAVA  NIEDERMENDIG 3
002DB00248  AQ No Entry  STONE STONE  SANDSTONE  1
002DB00249  AB EARLY SAXON  POTTERY SHERD  ?ANGLIAN I  1
002DB00249  AC IRON AGE  POTTERY SHERD  IA  1
002DB00249  AA No Entry  STONE STONE  1
002DB00249  AE No Entry  STONE STONE  1
002DB00249  AD EARLY SAXON  UNFIRED CLAY UNFIRED CLAY  8
002DB00250  AN No Entry  CHARCOAL CHARCOAL SAMPLE  1
002DB00250  AK PREHISTORIC  FLINT FLAKE  1
002DB00250  AF No Entry  IRON IRON POINT  1
002DB00250  AE EARLY SAXON  POTTERY SHERD  ANGLIAN III  1
002DB00250  AG EARLY SAXON  POTTERY SHERDS  ANGLIAN II  1
002DB00250  AI MEDIEVAL  POTTERY SHERD  GREEN GLAZED MED  1
002DB00250  AL No Entry  POTTERY SHERD  1
002DB00250  AD ROMAN  POTTERY SHERD  GREY WARE  1
002DB00250  AH ROMAN  POTTERY SHERD  R-B  1
002DB00250  AM ROMAN  POTTERY SHERD  GREY WARE  1
002DB00250  AJ No Entry  SLAG SLAG FRAGMENT  IRON SLAG  1
002DB00250  AC EARLY SAXON  UNFIRED CLAY UNFIRED CLAY  3
002DB00251  AH PREHISTORIC  FLINT FLAKE  1
002DB00251  AB EARLY SAXON  POTTERY SHERD  ?ANGLIAN III  1
002DB00251  AE EARLY SAXON  POTTERY SHERD  ANGLIAN IV  1
002DB00251  AJ EARLY SAXON  POTTERY SHERD  ANGLIAN III  1
002DB00251  AL EARLY SAXON  POTTERY SHERD  GTW  1
002DB00251  AM EARLY SAXON  POTTERY SHERD  GTW  1
002DB00251  AF No Entry  POTTERY SHERD  1
002DB00251  AG No Entry  POTTERY SHERD  1
002DB00251  AC ROMAN  POTTERY SHERD  R-B  1
002DB00251  AD ROMAN  POTTERY SHERD  ROMAN  1
002DB00251  AI ROMAN  POTTERY SHERD  ?R-B  1
002DB00251  AK ROMAN  POTTERY SHERD  ROMAN  1
002DB00260  AA No Entry  STONE STONE  CHALK  10
002DB00264  AB No Entry  CHARCOAL CHARCOAL SAMPLE  1
002DB00264  AM No Entry  FIRED CLAY BRICK FRAGMENT  1
002DB00264  AG PREHISTORIC  FLINT BLADE FRAGMENT  CORE PREP 1
002DB00264  AC EARLY SAXON  POTTERY SHERD  ?ANGLIAN III  1
002DB00264  AE EARLY SAXON  POTTERY SHERD  ANGLIAN III  1
002DB00264  AF EARLY SAXON  POTTERY SHERD  ?ANGLIAN I  1
002DB00264  AH EARLY SAXON  POTTERY SHERD  ANGLIAN IV  1
002DB00264  AI EARLY SAXON  POTTERY SHERD  ANGLIAN II  1
002DB00264  AJ EARLY SAXON  POTTERY SHERD  ANGLIAN IV  1
002DB00264  AL EARLY SAXON  POTTERY SHERD  GTW  1
002DB00264  AD No Entry  POTTERY SHERD  1
002DB00264  AK ROMAN  POTTERY SHERD  ?R-B  1
002DB00264  AA EARLY SAXON  UNFIRED CLAY UNFIRED CLAY  4
002DB00265  AA EARLY SAXON  UNFIRED CLAY UNFIRED CLAY  6
002DB00268  AA EARLY SAXON  POTTERY SHERD  ANGLIAN I  1
002DB00268  AB EARLY SAXON  POTTERY SHERD  ?ANGLIAN I  1
002DB00268  AC EARLY SAXON  POTTERY SHERD  ANGLIAN I  1
002DB00268  AD No Entry  SHELL SHELL  LIMPET  1
002DB00281  AA EARLY SAXON  POTTERY SHERD  ANGLIAN IV  1
002DB00281  AB No Entry  WORKED STONE STONE  SANDSTONE ?QUERN FRAGMENT  1

Animal Bone By Context

KEY_ID  SPECIES ELEMENT  QUANT CHEW  BURN BUTCH  FBRK
002DB00160  Cattle Mandible  1 0  0 0  0
002DB00160  Cattle Mandible  1 0  0 0  0
002DB00160  Cattle Skull fr  1 0  0 0  0
002DB00160  Cattle Skull fr  1 0  0 0  1
002DB00160  Horse LM3  3 0  0 0  0
002DB00160  Horse Mandible  1 0  0 0  1
002DB00160  Horse Mandible  1 0  0 0  1
002DB00160  Horse Mandible  1 0  0 0  1
002DB00160  Sheep/goat Mandible  1 0  0 0  1
002DB00248  Cattle Calcaneum  1 1  0 0  1
002DB00248  Cattle Humerus D  1 0  0 0  1
002DB00248  Cattle Humerus D  1 0  0 1  1
002DB00248  Cattle Humerus fr  1 1  0 0  1
002DB00248  Cattle M/T D  1 1  0 0  1
002DB00248  Cattle Mand fr  1 0  0 1  1
002DB00248  Cattle Phalanx 2  1 0  0 0  0
002DB00248  Cattle Phalanx 3  1 0  0 0  1
002DB00248  Cattle Radius D  1 1  0 0  1
002DB00248  Cattle Radius P  1 1  0 1  1
002DB00248  Cattle Scapula  1 0  0 1  1
002DB00248  Cattle Tibia D  1 1  0 0  0
002DB00248  Horse Skull fr  1 0  0 1  0
002DB00248  Pig L Canine  1 0  0 0  0
002DB00248  Sheep Horncore  1 0  0 1  1
002DB00248  Sheep Phalanx 1  1 0  0 0  0
002DB00248  Sheep/goat Humerus br  1 1  0 1  1
002DB00248  Sheep/goat M/T D  1 1  0 1  1
002DB00248  Sheep/goat Phalanx 1  1 0  0 0  0
002DB00248  Sheep/goat Tibia br  1 0  0 0  1
002DB00248  Sheep/goat Tibia D  1 0  0 0  1
002DB00249  Cattle Humerus D  1 1  0 1  1
002DB00249  Cattle Hyoid  1 0  0 1  0
002DB00249  Cattle Ld4  1 0  0 0  1
002DB00249  Cattle LM3  1 0  0 0  0
002DB00249  Cattle Mand fr  1 0  0 0  1
002DB00249  Cattle Radius P  1 0  0 0  1
002DB00249  Cattle Skull fr  1 0  0 0  0
002DB00249  Cattle Tibia P  1 0  0 0  1
002DB00249  Horse Mand fr  1 0  0 0  1
002DB00249  Horse Scapula  1 1  0 1  1
002DB00249  Sheep Humerus D  1 1  0 1  1
002DB00249  Sheep Humerus fr  1 1  0 0  1
002DB00249  Sheep/goat Humerus P  1 0  0 0  0
002DB00249  Sheep/goat Pelvis  1 1  0 0  0
002DB00250  Cattle Astragalus  1 0  0 0  1
002DB00250  Cattle Atlas  1 0  0 0  0
002DB00250  Cattle Calcaneum  1 0  0 0  0
002DB00250  Cattle Femur br  1 0  0 0  1
002DB00250  Cattle Femur D  1 0  0 0  0
002DB00250  Cattle Humerus br  1 0  0 0  1
002DB00250  Cattle Humerus br  1 0  0 0  0
002DB00250  Cattle Humerus br  1 0  0 0  0
002DB00250  Cattle Humerus D  1 0  0 0  0
002DB00250  Cattle Humerus P  1 0  0 0  0
002DB00250  Cattle M/C C  1 1  0 0  1
002DB00250  Cattle M/C P  2 0  0 0  0
002DB00250  Cattle M/C P  1 0  0 0  1
002DB00250  Cattle M/T P  1 0  0 0  0
002DB00250  Cattle Mand fr  4 0  0 0  4
002DB00250  Cattle Mandible  3 0  0 0  0
002DB00250  Cattle Mandible  1 0  0 0  0
002DB00250  Cattle N.Cuboid  1 0  0 1  0
002DB00250  Cattle Pelvis  1 0  0 0  1
002DB00250  Cattle Pelvis  2 0  0 0  0
002DB00250  Cattle Phalanx 1  4 0  0 0  1
002DB00250  Cattle Phalanx 3  1 0  0 0  1
002DB00250  Cattle Phalanx 3  1 0  0 0  0
002DB00250  Cattle Radius br  1 0  0 0  0
002DB00250  Cattle Scapula  1 0  0 0  0
002DB00250  Cattle Skull fr  2 0  0 0  0
002DB00250  Cattle Skull fr  3 0  0 0  0
002DB00250  Cattle Tibia D  1 0  0 0  1
002DB00250  Horse Humerus br  1 0  0 0  0
002DB00250  Horse Mand fr  1 0  0 0  0
002DB00250  Horse Scapula  1 1  0 0  0
002DB00250  Horse Tibia D  1 0  0 0  1
002DB00250  Pig Axis  1 0  0 0  0
002DB00250  Pig Calcaneum  1 0  0 0  0
002DB00250  Pig Humerus P  1 0  0 0  0
002DB00250  Pig L Canine  1 0  0 0  1
002DB00250  Pig L Canine  1 0  0 0  1
002DB00250  Pig Mandible  1 0  0 0  0
002DB00250  Pig Mandible  1 0  0 0  1
002DB00250  Sheep/goat Astragalus  1 0  0 0  0
002DB00250  Sheep/goat Calcaneum  2 0  0 0  0
002DB00250  Sheep/goat Femur br  1 0  0 0  0
002DB00250  Sheep/goat Femur D  1 0  0 0  1
002DB00250  Sheep/goat Femur P  1 0  0 0  1
002DB00250  Sheep/goat Horncore  1 0  0 0  1
002DB00250  Sheep/goat Humerus D  2 0  0 0  1
002DB00250  Sheep/goat Humerus P  1 0  0 0  1
002DB00250  Sheep/goat LM3  1 0  0 0  0
002DB00250  Sheep/goat M/podial  1 0  0 0  0
002DB00250  Sheep/goat M/T P  1 0  0 0  1
002DB00250  Sheep/goat Mand fr  1 0  0 0  0
002DB00250  Sheep/goat Mand fr  1 0  0 0  1
002DB00250  Sheep/goat Mandible  1 0  0 1  0
002DB00250  Sheep/goat Mandible  1 0  0 0  0
002DB00250  Sheep/goat Mandible  2 1  0 0  2
002DB00250  Sheep/goat Mandible  2 0  0 0  0
002DB00250  Sheep/goat Mandible  2 0  0 0  2
002DB00250  Sheep/goat Phalanx 1  1 0  0 0  0
002DB00250  Sheep/goat Radius br  2 0  0 0  0
002DB00250  Sheep/goat Radius C  1 0  0 0  1
002DB00250  Sheep/goat Scapula  1 0  0 0  0
002DB00250  Sheep/goat Scapula  1 1  0 0  0
002DB00250  Sheep/goat Skull fr  1 0  0 0  0
002DB00250  Sheep/goat Tibia C  1 0  0 0  0
002DB00250  Sheep/goat Tibia D  1 0  0 0  1
002DB00250  Sheep/goat Tibia P  1 0  0 0  1
002DB00251  Cattle Astragalus  1 0  0 0  0
002DB00251  Cattle Femur P  1 0  0 0  1
002DB00251  Cattle M/C C  1 0  0 0  1
002DB00251  Cattle M/podial  1 0  0 0  0
002DB00251  Cattle Mand fr  1 1  0 1  0
002DB00251  Cattle Mandible  1 0  0 0  0
002DB00251  Cattle Phalanx 1  2 0  0 0  2
002DB00251  Cattle Phalanx 1  1 0  0 0  1
002DB00251  Cattle Phalanx 2  1 0  0 0  0
002DB00251  Cattle Radius P  1 0  0 0  0
002DB00251  Cattle Scapula  1 0  0 0  1
002DB00251  Cattle Skull fr  1 0  0 0  0
002DB00251  Cattle Ulna  1 0  0 0  0
002DB00251  Cattle Ulna  1 0  0 1  0
002DB00251  Cattle Ulna  1 0  0 0  0
002DB00251  Cattle Ulna  1 0  0 0  0
002DB00251  Horse Astragalus  1 0  0 0  0
002DB00251  Horse Scapula  1 0  0 0  1
002DB00251  Horse Tibia D  1 0  0 0  0
002DB00251  Horse Tibia D  1 0  0 0  0
002DB00251  Pig Mandible  1 0  0 0  1
002DB00251  Sheep/goat Astragalus  1 0  0 0  0
002DB00251  Sheep/goat Femur C  1 0  0 0  0
002DB00251  Sheep/goat Ld4  1 0  0 0  0
002DB00251  Sheep/goat M/C P  1 0  0 0  0
002DB00251  Sheep/goat Mand fr  2 0  0 0  2
002DB00251  Sheep/goat Mand fr  1 0  0 0  0
002DB00251  Sheep/goat Mandible  1 0  0 0  1
002DB00251  Sheep/goat Pelvis  1 0  0 0  1
002DB00251  Sheep/goat Radius D  1 0  0 0  1
002DB00251  Sheep/goat Radius P  1 0  0 0  1
002DB00251  Sheep/goat Scapula  1 0  0 0  1
002DB00251  Sheep/goat Tibia D  1 1  0 0  0
002DB00264  Cattle Atlas  1 0  0 1  0
002DB00264  Cattle Calcaneum  1 1  0 1  1
002DB00264  Cattle Femur D  1 0  0 0  0
002DB00264  Cattle Femur fr  1 0  0 0  1
002DB00264  Cattle M/C P  1 1  0 0  1
002DB00264  Cattle Mand fr  1 1  0 0  0
002DB00264  Cattle N.Cuboid  1 0  0 1  0
002DB00264  Cattle Phalanx 1  1 0  0 0  0
002DB00264  Cattle Phalanx 2  1 0  0 0  0
002DB00264  Cattle Radius D  1 0  0 0  0
002DB00264  Horse Atlas  1 0  0 0  1
002DB00264  Pig Calcaneum  1 1  1 0  0
002DB00264  Pig Humerus P  1 0  0 0  1
002DB00264  Pig Radius br  1 0  0 0  0
002DB00264  Pig U Canine  1 1  0 1  0
002DB00264  Sheep Scapula  1 1  0 0  1
002DB00264  Sheep/goat M/T C  1 0  0 0  0
002DB00264  Sheep/goat Mandible  1 0  0 0  1
002DB00264  Sheep/goat Mandible  1 0  0 0  1
002DB00264  Sheep/goat Mandible  1 0  0 0  1
002DB00264  Sheep/goat Radius br  1 1  0 0  1
002DB00265  Cattle Mand fr  1 0  0 0  1
002DB00265  Cattle Phalanx 1  1 0  0 0  1
002DB00265  Horse Calcaneum  1 1  0 1  1
002DB00281  Cattle Phalanx 3  1 0  0 0  1
002DB00281  Sheep/goat Pelvis  1 0  0 2  1